The oldest settlements in and around the city belong to the Hattian civilization, which flourished during the Bronze Age. Artifacts discovered in the city have shown that the Hittites named the city Ankuwash before 1200 BC The city grew significantly in size and importance under the control of the Phrygians, from around 1000 BC Subsequently it…
Category: Europe
EASTERN EUROPE
Spacious lowlands, table and hilly lands determine the surface shape of Eastern Europe. Only in the southeast (Carpathian Mountains) and south (Jaila Mountains in Crimea) do mountains that reach greater heights limit the Eastern European lowlands. The inland seas of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea lie in the south of Eastern Europe, and the Baltic Sea in the north. There is a broad transition zone to Central Europe (Poland). In the east, the Urals and Caspian Seas mark the border with Asia.
Within the Eastern European lowlands, there are two large, north-south oriented plates that nowhere exceed a height of 400 meters. Northern Eastern Europe was glacially formed during the cold ages, and the ice reached its maximum extent on the Lemberg – Kiev – Kazan line. Outside the area of the most recent glaciation, a particularly wide loess belt developed, which today is the basis of extensive agricultural use. The numerous lakes in northern Eastern Europe are also traces of the last glacial period.
The large rivers that flow through the lowlands are just as conspicuous as the human interference in the water network. During the winter, the rivers are often frozen over for several months.
Europe – Political Overview
The map of Europe at the beginning of the 21st century reveals the far-reaching territorial changes that have occurred in Eastern and Southeastern Europe as a result of the collapse of Soviet power. But it also shows some borderlines that are a result of the Second World War. Germany, for example, which started the war to revise the Versailles Treaty, lost around a quarter of its former territory in 1945, while the Soviet Union was able to significantly expand its European territory. Romania had to do without Bessarabia and Bukovina, Czechoslovakia with Carpathian Ukraine and Poland with all of its eastern territories. The western border of Poland shifted to the Oder-Neisse line. For more information about the continent of Europe, please check naturegnosis.com.
Turkey Government
The attempt by the Allies and Greece to divide the country after World War I, led to the Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal. The 29 of October of 1923 the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed; in 1924 the religious courts were abolished and in 1934 women won the right to vote. Multi-partyism began in 1946, when the newly founded Democratic…
Turkey Territory and Population
Territory and Resources The calcareous tuff terraces of Pamukkale (Turkey) constitute one of the most attractive landscapes in western Anatolia. The healing effects of its springs were already known in ancient times. The main area of Turkey, known as Anatolia, is located in Asia, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. Turkish Thrace in Europe covers about…
Romania in the 1940’s
On 12 October 1940, the sending of German troops to Romania was announced, which had already begun. On 15 November Antonescu met in Rome with Mussolini and on 22 he signed the Romanian adhesion to the Italian-German-Japanese tripartite pact in Berlin; in early December, a ten-year German-Romanian economic cooperation protocol was signed. This growing Nazi…
Russia Prehistory
Name by which a region of the ancient world is known which in the course of history, as a consequence of the progressive expansion of the state formed by the Russians of Moscow in the century. XV, formerly heir to Kijev’s Russia, gradually expanded to include a large part of the European section of what…
Transportation in Frankfurt, Germany
Frankfurt am Main, independent city in the administrative district of Darmstadt, on both sides of the lower Main, with (2019) 763 400 residents, the largest city in Hesse. Frankfurt is located at the transition from the Mainz Basin to the Wetterau, 98 m above sea level, in the center of the Rhine-Main area and thus…
Sightseeing in Ireland
Tinakilly Country House Tinakilly Country House is a 4 * boutique hotel in the village of Wicklow. It is located in the county of the same name in the Irish Republic, around 50 kilometers south of Dublin on the coast of the Irish Sea. The national road N 11 runs through Wicklow. Around 10,000 people…
Jura, France
Jura Holiday paradise for active vacationers In the east of France, right on the border with Switzerland, is the Jura mountain range. Away from the hustle and bustle of the big city and overcrowded tourist magnets, the Jura is a real paradise in every season. In addition to those looking for relaxation from all over…
Serbia Culture and Politics
According to Andyeducation, the Republic of Serbia is a country located on the Balkan Peninsula and a historical and geographical region in Southeast Europe ; it is currently one of the six states resulting from the dismemberment of the former Yugoslavia. It borders Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro (a country with which it formed a confederate state until 2006), Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Its territory extends over the rich and fertile plains…
Croatia History
Antiquity to the High Middle Ages The area of Croatia inhabited by Illyrians and Celtic Skordis people became 35 BC. BC Roman and belonged to the provinces of Pannonia and Illyria. After the East Gothic, Longobard, Byzantine and Avar rule, South Slavic tribes (Croats) immigrated into the inland in the 7th century, while the Romanized…
Iceland Literature
According to a2zcamerablog, Iceland is a country located in Europe. Icelandic literature was born in the circle of Norwegians who moved to the island, transplanting the rich Norse heritage of pagan myths and heroic legends. Elaborated in songs and poems, these myths were transmitted orally until around 1150, that is, until the adoption of the…
Suomenlinna Fortress (World Heritage)
The fortress on a group of islands off Helsinki was built in 1748-1772 by Sweden, to which Finland belonged at the time. The fortress served three countries in a row – Sweden, Russia and Finland – as a defensive structure. According to militarynous, Suomenlinna is an important testimony to European fortress architecture. Suomenlinna Fortress: facts…
Special Buildings and Structures in Basel, Switzerland
Special buildings and structures Palatinate The terrace located high above the Rhine and stretching behind the Basel Minster is known as the Palatinate of Basel, Switzerland as listed on mathgeneral. The bishop’s residence once stood nearby. Nowadays, the Palatinate offers a wonderful view over the old town of Basel and even as far as the…
Aachen, Germany Facts
Note Information that applies to the entire country, e.g. B. on currency, entry requirements, health issues, etc., can be found under Germany. Name of the city Aachen Name in French Aix-la-Chapelle Nickname Bad Aachen Aquisgranum (medieval name) Aken (Dutch) Oochen (luxemb.) Aquis Villa (documented name of the city in 765) Country Federal Republic of Germany…
Getting to United Kingdom
GETTING THERE Arriving by plane The national airline British Airways (BA) (Internet: www.britishairways.com) offers numerous connections from German, Austrian and Swiss cities. (For detailed information, see the relevant section for the individual parts of the country) Flight times Frankfurt – London: 1 hour 25 minutes; Frankfurt – Birmingham: 1 hour 40 minutes; Frankfurt – Manchester:…
Council of Europe Functions
The business The basis of the Council of Europe’s activities is the work for democracy, respect for human rights and a functioning judicial system. It should contribute to creating a tolerant and civilized society. In practical terms, the work takes place mainly by the Council of Europe drawing up agreements that concern everything from bans…
Scotland Natural Beauties
Ben Nevis This mountain, which is only 1,344 m high, is the highest mountain in Great Britain and therefore also Scotland. It is located near Fort William in the west of the country. In good weather, the climb is just a bit of a strenuous excursion. But because of the frequent fog, the climb can…
Wales History: Early to Middle Ages
The history of Wales is in large part closely linked to the history of the other parts of Great Britain and thus England in particular. Wales formally became part of the Kingdom of England through the Acts of Union in 1536 and union with Scotland took place in 1707. As a reminder, England, Wales and Scotland together…
Kosovo Conflict with Serbia
The international support for Kosovo’s path to independence in 2008 was the result of the continuity of Serbia’s Kosovo policy even after the fall of the Milošević regime and the takeover of government by the democratic opposition, i.e. a policy of denial of reality, which on the one hand insisted that Kosovo was part of…
5 Must During Your Trip to Trondheim
The beautiful Norwegian city of Trondheim is located by the Nidälven river and tourists have made a pilgrimage here once in a while, thanks to the majestic cathedral Nidaros. Today, however, there are several other reasons to visit Trondheim and below are descriptions of some of them. Nidaros Cathedral is a must Despite the fact…
Salzburg Travel Guide
Salzburg, Austria is a historic small town surrounded by mountains. Salzburg, Austria’s fourth largest city, is the country’s most popular travel destination. Known as Mozart’s hometown and the setting for The Sound of Music , Salzburg is an idyllic city destination that attracts with its alpine scenery, architecture and quality restaurants. SALZBURG AS A DESTINATION…
Espoo Travel Guide
Espoo is a nature destination in the embrace of Helsinki. Active Espoo invites tourists with its cultural sites and outdoor opportunities. The strengths of Espoo are the short distance from Helsinki, the wonderful Nature Attractions right next to the city and the interesting Cultural offer. You can easily visit the city during your Helsinki holiday,…
Vatican City 2011
Yearbook 2011 Vatican City. Hundreds of thousands of Catholics gathered in May when the former Pope John Paul II was blessed. Some criticism, however, was against the plans for the next saint declaration, due to the scandal involving sex offenses against children who broke out even before John Paul’s death in 2005. According to Countryaah…
United Kingdom 2011
Yearbook 2011 UK. The coalition government between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats continued its tough austerity policy. Several large demonstrations were held to protest the cut-off policy, including gathering between a quarter and a half million people in London on March 26. Plans to reduce pension conditions for public sector employees also aroused…
Ukraine 2011
Yearbook 2011 Ukraine. The year was dominated by bitter power struggles between President Viktor Yanukovych and former Prime Minister Julia Tymoshenko, who had lost the presidential election against Yanukovych in 2010. In April, prosecutors launched a preliminary investigation against Tymoshenko, where she was suspected of abusing her power as head of government. Tymoshenko felt that…
Turkey 2011
Yearbook 2011 Turkey. On June 12, the ruling Islamist AKP (Justice and Development Party) won its third straight parliamentary election with 49.8% of the vote. The second largest was the secular CHP (Republican People’s Party) with 26%. These two parties advanced compared to the previous election, while the third, the right-wing extremist MHP (Nationalist Party…
Switzerland 2011
Yearbook 2011 Switzerland. An attempt to revoke the right to keep military weapons in the home was voted down in a referendum in February. The proposal was supported by groups such as pointed out that suicide with firearms is three times more common in Switzerland than in the rest of Europe. A key argument for…
Spain 2011
Yearbook 2011 Spain. As one of the last countries in Western Europe, Spain introduced a ban on smoking from the beginning of the year. The resistance was great and reports were made in their quarters about the obvious when smokers defied the ban. According to Countryaah official site, the economic crisis worsened during the year….
Slovenia 2011
Yearbook 2011 Slovenia. According to Countryaah official site, Borut Pahor’s center-left government worked head-on during the first half of the year. Several ministers jumped off and voters voted down proposed changes in labor law and the pension system in two referendums. By mid-year, two out of four government parties had withdrawn from government cooperation. When…
Slovakia 2011
Yearbook 2011 Slovakia. During the year, Slovakia became an example of how a single coalition party in a member state can stop a major EU process – temporarily. The Liberal Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) said no when the government would decide in the autumn to strengthen the eurozone crisis fund EFSF for assistance to the…
Serbia 2011
Yearbook 2011 Serbia. After 16 years of escape from international justice, former Bosnian Serb commander Ratko Mladić was arrested in May. According to Countryaah official site, Serbian special police found Mladić in a relative’s house in the province of Vojvodina. Within a few days, he was transferred to the War Criminal Tribunal in The Hague….
San Marino 2011
Yearbook 2011 San Marino. From the beginning of the year, San Marino introduced extra taxation of labor commuting across the border from Italy. According to Countryaah official site, criticism was raised in the European Parliament against the decision, which is estimated to affect about 6,000 people, most of whom are EU citizens. Country data Area:…
Russia 2011
Yearbook 2011 Russian Federation. The Russian Federation 2011 was the year when Vladimir Putin’s power was seriously challenged. According to Countryaah official site, United Russia’s electoral victory in December was followed by the biggest protests since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, with accusations of electoral fraud and loud demands on Putin’s departure. The declining…
Romania 2011
Yearbook 2011 Romania. In April, the European Commission declared that all EU countries must present national strategies during the year on how Roma are to be integrated and their living conditions improved. According to Countryaah official site, the Romania have worse opportunities in terms of education, health care, housing and access to work, according to…
Portugal 2011
Yearbook 2011 Portugal. In the January presidential election, incumbent Head of State Aníbal Cavaco Silva was re-elected for a second term. He already won in the first round with 53% of the vote. According to Countryaah official site, the ruling Socialist Party’s candidate received only 20%, while three others shared the rest. No clearing could…
Poland 2011
Yearbook 2011 Poland. The 2010 Russian Federation air disaster, including the death of President Lech Kaczyński, continued to cast its shadow over Poland. According to Countryaah official site, the Russian accident investigation’s final report came in January, and it blamed the Polish pilots for the accident. The reaction in Poland was fierce, as many considered…
Norway 2011
Yearbook 2011 Norway. The year became the darkest and bloodiest for Norway since the Second World War. On July 22, the country was hit by Northern Europe’s worst terrorist act and the greatest mass murder of modern world history, committed by a lone perpetrator. According to Countryaah official site, a 32-year-old right-wing extremist, Anders Behring…
Northern Macedonia 2011
Yearbook 2011 Northern Macedonia (until 2019 Macedonia). A political crisis arose in January when the Social Democrat-led opposition left Parliament in protest of what was perceived as politically motivated persecution of the media. Several media organizations had been raided and several media representatives arrested suspected tax offenses. According to Countryaah official site, the government was…
Netherlands 2011
Yearbook 2011 Netherlands. According to Countryaah official site, right-wing populist party leader Geert Wilders was released in June on all counts in the lengthy case against him for hate crimes and discrimination against Muslims. The Court found that while Wilders made offensive “fascist” statements, it was not hate crimes because the statements were directed at…
Montenegro 2011
Yearbook 2011 Montenegro. According to Countryaah official site, Bishop Amfilohije Radović of the Serbian Orthodox Church was indicted at the beginning of the year for using hate speech. The bishop was upset over plans to demolish a church erected in 2005 in a place that is considered sacred even by Catholics and Muslims. He said…